Hybrid Vehicles - Sustainably Unsustainable?

Hybrid electric vehicles are beginning to flex their green muscle in the face of conventional pure combustion engines. But are these popular hybrid muscles tarnished with a lesser known, unsustainable truth?

You don't have to be an motoring expert to acknowledge that sales of hybrid vehicles have increased significantly in recent years. Not only are there noticeably more manufacturers bragging about efficiency and reducing CO2 numbers, but there is also a substantial increase of vehicles circulating on our roads with electronic assistance. This increase is no more clear than in the US, the world's biggest consumer of hybrid electric vehicles, where sales of hybrids now contribute to almost 3% of all new car sales. This figure may seem insignificant, but in reality this represents over 322,000 sales in 2012 to date, an increase of over a quarter of a million annual car sales when compared to a decade ago. 

One reason for this increase can be attributed to the obvious expansion of hybrid vehicles available to buy. UK buyers are now faced with a large range of hybrid offerings, ranging from small hatchbacks, to 4x4s and now even supercars (Ferrari's F150 is the latest example of this). Focusing on the more affordable end of that spectrum, if we were to look back to the dawn of mass produced hybrid vehicles, we'd see some rather ugly attempts at futuristic design combined with poor quality interiors and sluggish performance. Thankfully, the case now is very different, and the market offers some more fashionable lookers that manage to hide their electric talents under the bonnet. These talents are also another major pull factor for drivers as they can represent massive savings in running costs.

If we ignore some rather astronomical figures achieved by 'hypermilers', who we can assume did little more than flex their little toe to accelerate, Honda's Insight hybrid can achieve an impressive 61mpg from it's electronically assisted 1.3 litre engine. It also still manages to reach 60mph in a whisker over 12 seconds, making it more than useful for the average journey. These impressive headline figures are matched by low tax brackets, with many hybrids sitting firmly under the tax exemption line of 100g of CO2/km.

Honda Insight

So surely hybrid electric vehicles have provided us with a fantastic push towards sustainable motoring, by  reducing emissions and improving efficiency in our road cars? You'd like to think so, but delving deeper into the workings of a hybrid electric motor, it becomes clear that there exist several sustainability issues. These issues could mean that in some ways, the hybrid vehicle is actually more costly to the environment than it's pure combustion engine predecessors.

These hybrid issues come in the form of rare earth metal; neodymium to be precise. Hybrid electric vehicle motors found in Honda's Insight and the worlds best selling hybrid, the Toyota Prius, require neodymium magnets to ensure they remain light and therefore as efficient as possible. But there's a catch; much like coal and oil, neodymium is a finite resource, meaning it will run out. Unlike coal and oil however, it won't last for another century. Neodymium demand is expected to exceed supply within the decade, and as a result it's extraction is becoming evermore desperate.

One of the world's biggest suppliers of neodymium is China. Locals outside the city of Baotou, close to plants processing rare earth metals such as neodymium, have watched their lake dry up and farmland deteriorate. This is due to the processes required to extract and process rare earth metals, generating radioactive waste and acidic water. It's no surprise to hear that much of the area's population have experienced ill health as a result, with cancer rates souring and life expectancy decreasing. This grim truth is a far cry from the futuristic, green credentials of hybrid car sales in the Western world. Perhaps one of the most horrid realities is the lack of knowledge of these issues from hybrid car buyers. Attracted by headline figures, and sometimes with good will to lower their contribution to automotive pollution, drivers can be innocently contributing to the destruction of distant landscapes and afar communities.

Lake turned radioactive wasteland in Baotou, China

Nevertheless, there is still hope; 2012 brought with it the news that Toyota has been developing a new 'induction' type electric motor that does away with the requirement for neodymium magnets. With it reductions to weight and cost could improve efficiency further. And remember, Toyota is the world's biggest seller of hybrid vehicles, therefore this could have a colossal influence upon the future of hybrid and even fully electric cars. But for now, only time will tell if the hybrid car can remove the shackles of rare earth metals, because as it stands they represent a substantial barrier to efforts for a more sustainable automotive future.

Make driving fun again...shrink the motor

There's something about having to really work a car that makes driving fun. Effortless cars are boring, cars that need to be wrangled are exciting. That's what's great about the latest generation of small engine city run-abouts, with low power but short and revvy motors. They're perfect in their natural environment - tight and twisty city streets.

Take the new Volkswagen Up for example. In its most basic spec it's got a 60bhp 1 litre engine that needs almost 14 seconds to hit 60mph. Not ideal when trying to muscle onto a motorway between 10 ton lorries, but more than capable on tight city back roads. And let's face it, you'd be lucky to hit 25mph on most inner city streets, with suicidal pedestrians and Chelsea tractors lining the road side. Having to work through the gears to ensure you have enough puff makes driving fun, almost like a scaled down sports car. Add this nippy fun to £20 tax and over 60mpg, and you get a ridiculously cheap run about representing some of the best value for money motoring.

In fact I think it represents such good value, that these run abouts are the answer to todays urban petrol head problems. Leave the sports car at home, keep it for a spirited country drive. Take the hatch to town. You'll love them both more for it.

Renaultsport Clio 182

Tracked...Not waxed! 

18 months on and I still bloody love the thing. I've owned my RenaultSport Clio 182 since the very end of May 2011, and in that time I've barely covered 10,000 miles. But I can honestly say that I've enjoyed every single minute of it, not least because the thing is so fun to drive!

I find myself looking forward to journeys that I know will include open stretches of road or twisty back lanes. The car seems so eager to be driven that even on days I plan on giving it a good wash and wax, I get the feeling it's looking at me in the same way a dog looks up at it's owner when they mention the park - it wants to go for walkies...or in this case it wants to be driven. I'm a sucker for a puppy face, so most times I give in. I have to admit, as a result many of the miles I have covered in this car have included a good thrashing. 

The dirty girl

But at no point does the car make you feel guilty for pushing it. Instead it makes you feel guilty for not pushing it. The engine is so lumpy on tick over, it almost seems as though it's beckoning you to rev it. The steering is heavily weighted, giving the impression Renault didn't intend for this car to be a parallel parking champion. And the Cup pack suspension is crashy at low speed, as it manages to find even the smallest bumps in the road. The car may look like a city run about, but it feels so unnatural cruising through urban streets.

All that changes however, when you are faced with the white circles of unrestricted sign posts, and a tree lined road heading over a crest. The car comes alive when you open up the throttle and reach the 5000 rpm mark. At this point the Variable Valve engine awakens and manages to head sharply towards it's peak power of 170 bhp. The steering suddenly feels reassuringly weighted as the front wheels tug through the column, and the suspension begins to feel planted and predictable over  dips and crests. In the stroke of 2000 revs this car transforms from a crashy city car, to a light and nimble hot hatch.

No better place does the 182 show off it's agile characteristics than a fast flowing, smooth tarmaced race track. I took the car to Snetterton in Norfolk earlier in the month with the expectation that it would suit the fast flowing corners. How wrong I was. Not only did it suit them, it felt like it was built for them.

Despite the damp conditions, the direct steering and quick response made the car incredibly enjoyable to throw into high speed turns and balance on the throttle. The light weight of the rear meant a lot of 'oppo' was applied, with lift off oversteer becoming something of a game. The car felt completely at home balling down Revett Straight at over a ton, and managed to keep off it's door handles through Riches thanks to it's planted Cup suspension.

In some ways it's a shame the car handles so well; it means that the lovely Racing Blue paintwork is rarely shiny and the white wheels are often confused as being a dark anthracite. But when a car is this fun to drive, surely it's more of a shame to not use it properly?

Can a road car really handle like a go-kart?

“My car feels like a go-kart”... “Go-kart like handling”...Phrases often coined by car enthusiasts about performance and sports cars. But can cars ever really handle like a go-kart without serious modification?

Scraping the floor; sat mm off the tarmac

Over 6 years of competitive kart racing, plus 5 years on the road, and I'm still yet to drive something from either side that bares significant resemblance. I drove a whole host of karts with several engines during my karting career, and have had the privilege of driving more cars than most 22 year olds. These cars have ranged from a Porsche Carrera, to a Lincoln Navigator right down to a 3 cylinder Vauxhall Corsa. I can safely say that none of them, have had any resemblance in performance and feel to my karts. Yet time and time again, I frequently come across car reviews and forum junkies who claim their bog standard cars handle like go-karts.

Karting is so pure, that during my career my ribs were repeatedly cooked by the engine, whilst my butt took whacks when I rode kerbs. The brakes felt like an extension of my leg, with even the minutest adjustment having drastic effect on speed and even the angle of entry into a corner. The steering was so direct, even a stone could be felt through the wheel.

Body roll in my car

Of course, there will be cars out there that are so raw they’re blue by steak standards, but for the most part, road cars will always be compromised in their ability to be pure. The challenges presented in ensuring a good ride quality, mean certain areas of cars, such as the suspension, have to be softened. As a result this can compromise their ability to perform effectively at speed and can contribute to a lack of feel. By no means is that a total negative, as I can vouch by saying I’d much rather be sat in a Diesel Mercedes than my old TKM 115cc go-kart in a traffic jam in the city. For one, speed bumps would be a nightmare, as having to lift the kart over them could become just slightly annoying.

Many of us modify our cars heavily to essentially push them towards that ‘pure’, direct feel of a go-kart. I've recently modified my car, by fitting performance springs and replacing rubber bushes with solid versions, in order to maximise feel and responsiveness. Despite noticing a slight improvement, it’s a miles away from a go-kart. The car still leans under fast direction change, the nose still ducks under braking, and minute steering inputs are still significantly suppressed when compared with those of a kart.

Now I haven’t had the pleasure of driving an Ariel Atom or McLaren F1, but for most of us that isn't something we will ever experience. Therefore it is safe to say, Mr Mini Cooper S, I'm sure your car handles fantastically, but it’s a far world from the pure handling of a go-kart.